The fall of the former Yugoslavia is a modern study in how ethnic and religious tensions can lead to civil war, a takeover by an authoritarian strongman and hegemonic foreign intervention from a global empire, namely the United States. US imperialism created the Somali community in Minnesota as well as the other diasporas in parts of the Midwest.
When he was a US Senator former President Joe Biden argued even before the time of the US invasion of Iraq that the states of Sunnistan, Shiastan, and Kurdistan should be the eventual outcome for that nation. The Kurds are more secular while the Sunni and Shia tend to be more sectarian. Opponents of partition argue that independent states are more vulnerable to attacks from Iran. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has never controlled land that is contiguous for long enough that might have given it legitimacy in the wider global community.
The incidents of September 11, 2001 in the United States led to human rights abuses, torture and laws like the so-called Patriot Act that allow indefinite detentions without trial making even innocents "unlawful combatants." Since that time the US has reinforced agreements with France and Algeria that compel cooperation in prosecuting those suspected of acts suspected of being terrorism. Philippines, Belgium, Iraq, Norway, India, Netherlands and Japan have extradition treaties with the United States while Kuwait and Indonesia do not.
And, as China perceives Taiwan as a rebel province Somalia sees Somaliland as a breakaway non-state and China sees Taiwan as a rival in the Horn of Africa. And, until recently, the United States has had little influence in a somewhat stable Somaliland and failed state Somalia is looking more and more like the next Afghanistan.
Today, international law is whatever Donald Trump says it is and most people know that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter but in a perfect world acts of terrorism committed by soldiers of fortune in international waters, are within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.
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